An attempt to access a memory card (MMC) using a PIC with limited RAM (PIC16F877A)

PIC16F877A BASED  MMC VOICE RECORDER

                                      Video of my PIC16F877A based MMC digital voice recorder:

This is my first digital voice recorder which is made using a mid range PIC with a total RAM of only 256 bytes. Generally people may say that  we cannot access MMC/SD card using a microcontroller with a RAM < 512. I had seen such posts and comments in many electronics forums, sites etc. But now i could comment  it is also possible to access MMC/SD using a uC with limited RAM but may have much limitations compared to uC with enough RAM.

        Here, i used a PIC16F877A to access an MMC.  MMC is interfaced to PIC16F877A via SPI. I didn't used any file system here. It writes the 8 bit digital data from ADC to the MMC using a multiple block write command. A single block consist of 512 bytes , also called as a sector.

 Similarly it reads the 8bit digital data (digital samples)  using a mutliple block read command. After reading each byte, it is sent to the PWM register to generate PWM signal corresponding to the audio recorded.  Then after passing the PWM signal throuh a low pass filter, the analog  signal could be obtained which is then amplified and introduced to a speaker to reproduce the recorded voice.

       The audio quality was beyond my expectation. The reason for the good audio quality is the high bit rate.. Since i didn't used any file system (FAT etc) I could easily use multiple block read and multiple block write commands to read and write MMC and thus it could achieve the maximum bit rate.

DOWNLOAD THE SOURCE CODE AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (ZIP) FROM BELOW:

click here to download the zip file

INTERFACING MMC to PIC:

    MMC is interfaced to PIC via SPI (serial peripheral interfacing). Inbuilt SPI module is available in PIC16F877A. The SPI mode allows 8 bits of data to be synchronously transmitted and received simultaneously. Here, PIC16F877A is SPI master and MMC is SPI slave. To accomplish communication, typically three pins are used:
         • Serial Data Out (SDO) – RC5/SDO
         • Serial Data In (SDI) – RC4/SDI/SDA
         • Serial Clock (SCK) – RC3/SCK/SCL

       MMC works at 3.6 V(max) and PIC16F877A at 5V. So, we need a voltage level convertor for interfacing PIC to MMC. A simple resistor based voltage divider is used to connect CS, CLK and SCK. Now, if a 4.3v (max o/p of PIC) appears across any of the above three pins, then the voltage at corresponding MMC pins will be 2.48v (comes in range of logic high of MMC). 'Data out' of MMC is directly connected to spi 'data in' of PIC. 

MMC COMMAND & RESPONSE: 

 To initiate an operation on MMC, we need to send corresponding 6byte long MMC command (structure on above figure) which is specific to each operation like single block read, multiple block read, single block write, multiple block write, mmc initialization etc etc etc ...

Now, i think is better to explain the MMC command using command function in program.

void command(char command, unsigned long int fourbyte_arg, char CRCbits )
    {
    spi_write(0xff);
    spi_write(0b01000000|command);
    spi_write((unsigned char)(fourbyte_arg >> 24));
    spi_write((unsigned char)(fourbyte_arg >> 16));
    spi_write((unsigned char)(fourbyte_arg >> 8));
    spi_write((unsigned char)fourbyte_arg);
    spi_write(CRCbits);
    spi_read();
    }

The above function is the command function. If we call the command function with 6 byte arguments then it will send the 6 bytes to MMC using spi_write function.

In MMC command, the Most significant byte is the command byte. In the command byte, the 2 'MSB' bits are always 01. The remaining 6 bits are the actual command. So, a CMD0 means this 6 bits will be 000000 and the msb 2 bits will be 01. So, the command byte for CMD0 is 0b01000000. ie in hex, it will be 0x40 and in decimal, it will be 64. Now, comes the 4 argument bytes, which carry some information to be transferred to MMC ie the information such as sector address, block size etc...It depends on the command whether it requires the 4 byte argument or not. If it is not required to certain commands (like CMD0) then 0x00 is send four times ie the fourbyte_arg is zero. Now comes the CRC byte, which is not cared in the SPI mode of MMC. So, we send 0xff as CRC byte. 

Command 0 (CMD0) is called like this :

        command(0,0,0x95);

There are different types of command responses. Now, for getting a response from MMC, 0xff is send and the received data will be the response. For some commands, we need to wait until the correct response is received, by continuously checking for the response. 

There are commands for reading, writing etc. Every data read or data write operation is completed by reading or writing of a total of 512 bytes of data. A sector is 512 bytes.(default block size). We cannot terminate the read or write operation in the midway with in a block. 

MMC INITIALIZATION:

      When an MMC is powered ON, we need to initialize the MMC and bring it to SPI  mode . This requires a series of commands (will be there in MMC spec) and need to check the response (as per the spec) whether it is correct or not for the particular command. 

     Actually initialization was the main problem which i faced at the beginning. It took 3 days for me to successfully initialize an MMC card. I used hyperterminal in PC for checking the response of each command. I feel it is the best testing method. Later i used a 16x2 LCD. (check mmc_init() in my program below.)

DATA TRANSFER:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




 Timing diagram of CMD1, single block read and write:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Single Block Read:

                             

       The argument specifies the location to start to read in unit of byte or block. The sector address specified by upper layer must be scaled properly. When a CMD17 is accepted, a read operation is initiated and the read data block will be sent to the host. After a valid data token (FEh) is detected, the host controller receives following data field and two byte CRC. The CRC bytes must be flushed even if it is not needed. If any error occured during the read operation, an error token will be returned instead of data packet.

Multiple Block Read:

        The Multiple Block Read command reads multiple blocks in sequence from the specified address. When number of transfer blocks has not been specified before this command, the transaction will be initiated as an open-ended multiple block read, the read operation will continue until stopped with a CMD12. The received byte immediately following CMD12 is a stuff byte, it should be discarded before receiving the response of the CMD12. Before every data packet, a data token (FEh) is sent by the card. If the data token is not received, then it waits for the token.

Single Block Write:

         When a write command is accepted, the host controller sends a data packet to the card after a byte space. The packet format is same as Block Read command. The CRC field can have any invalid value unless the CRC function is enabled. When a data packet has been sent, the card responds a Data Response immediately following the data packet. The data response trails a busy flag to process the write operation. Most cards cannot change write block size and it is fixed to 512 bytes. Before every data packets a data token is written so that the MMC/SD could confirm that the next 512 bytes received after the write token (FEh) is the data block to be stored in the SD/MMC.

In principle of the SPI mode, the CS signal must be asserted during a transaction, however there is an exception to this rule. When the card is busy, the host controller can de assert CS to release SPI bus for any other SPI devices. The card will drive DO signal low again when reselect it during internal process is in progress. Therefore a preceding busy check (wait ready immediately before command and data packet) instead of post wait can eliminate waste wait time. In addition the internal process is initiated a byte after the data response, this means eight clocks are required to initiate internal write operation. The state of CS signal during the eight clocks is negligible so that it can done by bus release process described below.

Multiple Block Write:

      The Multiple Block Read command writes multiple blocks in sequence from the specified address. When number of transfer blocks has not been specified prior to this command, the transaction will be initiated as an open-ended multiple block write, the write operation will continue until it is terminated with a Stop Tran token(FDh). The busy flag will appear on the DO line a byte after the Stop Tran token. As for SDC, the multiple block write transaction must be terminated with a Stop Tran token independent of the transfer type, pre-defined or open-ended.

AUDIO OUT:
     Here, I used inbuilt PWM module of the PIC as a DAC. PWM is really a good and cheap solution for DAC. Here, if i put an 8 bit data to CCPR2L register of PIC, it will generate PWM signal corresponding to that data. If i stream the voice data to CCPR2L with a speed according to the specified bitrate then a Pulse Width Modulated signal corresponding to the voice is generated which could be easily converted to analog signal by using a low pass filter. This could be amplified and introduced to  a speaker to reproduce the voice.
 PWM out could be obtained from RC1/CCP2 pin of PIC16F877A.


ADC:
        ADC in PIC is used to convert the analog audio signal from a condenser mic pre-amp. PIC16F877A have inbuilt 10 bit ADC module. I used only the 8 LS bits to store in the MMC. RA0 of PIC16F877A is used configured as ADC input channel where the mic preamp is connected.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:



PROGRAM:

/*
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIC16F877A + MMC voice recored (no file system)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPILER: HI-TECH C , TARGET uC PIC16F877A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
by Vinod.S <vinodstanur@gmail.com>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
#include<pic.h>
#define _XTAL_FREQ 20e6
__CONFIG(0x3F3A);
#define CS RC2
#define RS RB2
#define EN RB1
#define fst cmd(0x80)
#define snd cmd(0xc0)
unsigned char readdata, u;
unsigned int count;
unsigned long int arg = 0;
/*-----------------LCD BEGIN------------------------------*/
void LCD_STROBE(void)
{
    EN = 1;
    __delay_us(0.5);
    EN = 0;
}

void data(unsigned char c)
{
    RS = 1;
    __delay_us(40);
    PORTD = (c >> 4);
    LCD_STROBE();
    PORTD = (c);
    LCD_STROBE();
}

void cmd(unsigned char c)
{
    RS = 0;
    __delay_us(40);
    PORTD = (c >> 4);
    LCD_STROBE();
    PORTD = (c);
    LCD_STROBE();
}

void clear(void)
{
    cmd(0x01);
    __delay_ms(2);
}

void lcd_init()
{
    __delay_ms(20);
    cmd(0x30);
    __delay_ms(1);
    cmd(0x30);
    __delay_ms(1);
    cmd(0x30);
    cmd(0x28);            // Function set (4-bit interface, 2 lines, 5*7Pixels)
    cmd(0x28);            // Function set (4-bit interface, 2 lines, 5*7Pixels)
    cmd(0x28);            // Function set (4-bit interface, 2 lines, 5*7Pixels)
    cmd(0x0c);            // Make cursorinvisible
    clear();
    clear();            // Clear screen
    cmd(0x6);            // Set entry Mode
}

void string(const char *q)
{
    clear();
    while (*q) {
        data(*q++);
    }
}

void istring(unsigned int q)
{
    cmd(0x81);
    data(48 + (q / 100));
    q %= 100;
    data(48 + (q / 10));
    q %= 10;
    data(48 + (q));
    __delay_ms(500);
}

/*-----------------------LCD END------------------------*/
/*-----------------------USRT BEGIN--------------------*/
void usrt_init()
{
    TRISC6 = 0;
    TXSTA = 0b00100110;
    RCSTA = 0b11010000;
    SPBRG = 10;
}

void printf(const char *p)
{
    while (*p) {
        TXREG = *p;
        while (TRMT == 0);
        p++;
    }
}

void txd(unsigned char vv)
{
    TXREG = vv;
    while (TRMT == 0);
}

/*-----------------------USRT END-----------------------*/
/*----------------------PWM BEGINS--------------------*/
void pwm_init()
{
    TRISC1 = 0;
    T2CKPS1 = 0;
    T2CKPS0 = 0;
    PR2 = 0x50;
    CCPR2L = 0x17;
    TMR2ON = 1;
    CCP2CON = 0b00001100;
}

void pwm_disable()
{
    CCP2CON = 0b00000000;
}

void pwm_enable()
{
    CCP2CON = 0b00001100;
}

/*--------------------PWM END-------------------------*/
/*-------------------MMC BEGIN-----------------------*/
void spi_init()
{
    TRISC4 = 1;
    RC2 = 1;
    RC3 = 0;
    RC5 = 0;
    TRISC2 = TRISC3 = TRISC5 = 0;
    SSPCON = 0b00100010;
    SSPEN = 1;
    SMP = 1;
    CKE = 1;
    CKP = 0;
}

void spi_write(unsigned char kk)
{
    SSPBUF = kk;
    while (BF == 0);
}

void spi_read()
{
    SSPBUF = 0xff;
    while (BF == 0);
    readdata = SSPBUF;
}

void command(char command, unsigned long int fourbyte_arg, char CRCbits)
{
    spi_write(0xff);
    spi_write(0b01000000 | command);
    spi_write((unsigned char) (fourbyte_arg >> 24));
    spi_write((unsigned char) (fourbyte_arg >> 16));
    spi_write((unsigned char) (fourbyte_arg >> 8));
    spi_write((unsigned char) fourbyte_arg);
    spi_write(CRCbits);
    spi_read();
}

void mmc_init()
{
    CS = 1;
    for (u = 0; u < 50; u++) {
        spi_write(0xff);
    }
    CS = 0;
    __delay_ms(1);
    command(0, 0, 0x95);
    count = 0;
    while ((readdata != 1) && (count < 1000)) {
        spi_read();
        count++;
    }
    if (count >= 1000) {
        string("CARD ERROR-CMD0 ");
        while (1);
    }
    command(1, 0, 0xff);
    count = 0;
    while ((readdata != 0) && (count < 1000)) {
        command(1, 0, 0xff);
        spi_read();
        count++;
    }
    if (count >= 1000) {
        string("CARD ERROR-CMD1 ");
        while (1);
    }
    command(16, 512, 0xff);
    count = 0;
    while ((readdata != 0) && (count < 1000)) {
        spi_read();
        count++;
    }
    if (count >= 1000) {
        string("CARD ERROR-CMD16");
        while (1);
    }
    string("MMC INITIALIZED!");
    __delay_ms(1000);
    SSPCON = SSPCON & 0b11111101;
}

void write()
{
    pwm_disable();
    command(25, arg, 0xff);
    while (readdata != 0) {
        spi_read();
        string("WRITE ERROR");
    }
    string("WRITING MMC");
    while (1) {
        spi_write(0xff);
        spi_write(0xff);
        spi_write(0b11111100);
        for (int g = 0; g < 512; g++) {
            GO = 1;
            while (GO);
            spi_write(ADRESL);
            PORTD = ~ADRESL;
        }
        spi_write(0xff);
        spi_write(0xff);
        spi_read();
        while ((readdata & 0b00011111) != 0x05) {
            spi_read();
        }
        while (readdata != 0xff) {
            spi_read();
        }
        if (RE0 == 1) {
            spi_write(0xff);
            spi_write(0xff);
            spi_write(0b11111101);    //stop token
            spi_read();
            spi_read();
            while (readdata != 0xff) {
                spi_read();
            }
            break;
        }
    }
}

void read()
{
    pwm_enable();
    command(18, (arg), 0xff);
    while (readdata != 0) {
        spi_read();
        string("READ ERROR");
    }
    string("READING MMC");
    while (1) {
        while (readdata != 0xfe) {
            spi_read();
        }
        for (int g = 0; g < 512; g++) {
            spi_read();
            __delay_us(16.5);
            CCPR2L = readdata;
            PORTD = ~readdata;
        }
        spi_write(0xff);
        spi_write(0xff);
        if (RE0 == 1) {
            command(12, arg, 0xff);
            spi_read();
            while (readdata != 0) {
                spi_read();
            }
            while (readdata != 0xff) {
                spi_read();
            }
            break;
        }
    }
}

/*--------------------mmc end----------------------*/
/*-----------------ADC functions-------------------*/
void adc_init()
{
    TRISA0 = 1;
    ADCON0 = 0b10000001;
    ADCON1 = 0b10001110;
}

/*-------------------main function-------------------*/
main()
{
    CS = 1;
    PORTD = 0;
    TRISC4 = 0;
    TRISC5 = 0;
    TRISD = 0;
    TRISB2 = 0;
    TRISB1 = 0;
    TRISE0 = 1;
    lcd_init();
    adc_init();
    usrt_init();
    spi_init();
    mmc_init();
    pwm_init();
    lcd_init();
    count = 0;
    CS = 0;
    arg = 0;
    while (1) {
        arg = 0;
        fst;
        pwm_enable();
        string("READ MODE");
        __delay_ms(1000);
        read();
        arg = 0;
        fst;
        pwm_disable();
        string("WRITE MODE");
        __delay_ms(1000);
        write();
    }
}
 

HERE IS THE SCREENSHOT OF THE BUILD and HEX FILE....:-)

 

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